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belligerent side

  • 1 belligerent side

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > belligerent side

  • 2 belligerent

    1) воююча сторона; той, хто воює; учасник бійки
    2) воюючий; який перебуває у стані війни
    •
    - belligerent nation
    - belligerent national
    - belligerent occupation
    - belligerent power
    - belligerent right
    - belligerent side
    - belligerent state
    - belligerent status

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > belligerent

  • 3 сторона

    жен.
    1) side;
    quarter;
    hand перен. тж.;
    direction смотреть, глядеть, озираться по сторонам ≈ to gaze about, to look around на той стороне реки, по ту сторону реки ≈ across the river лицевая сторона дома ≈ facade, front на ту сторону ≈ across обратная сторона медали ≈ the reverse of the medal с правой стороны ≈ on the right side лицевая сторона ≈ the right side изнаночная сторона ≈ the wrong side с внутренней стороны ≈ on the inside в сторону ≈ (кого-л./чего-л.) towards smb., in smb.'s direction;
    театр. aside;
    (от кого-л./чего-л.) away from smb./smth. в стороне ≈ aside, aloof, apart, some distance away from;
    to keep one's distance, to remain aloof ( держаться) ;
    to let smth. pass ( оставлять) на стороне ≈ (быть на чьей-л. стороне) to be on smb.'s side;
    (находиться) on the side, elsewhere, away from home на сторону ≈ abroad, away from home со стороны ≈ (кого-л.) from the direction of;
    (человек) from the outside, outsider проходить стороной ≈ to pass by во все стороны ≈ extensively
    2) (в споре) part, party воюющая сторона ≈ belligerent, combatant брать чью-л. сторону, принимать чью-л. сторону, держать чью-л. сторону, становиться на чью-л. сторону ≈ to take smb.'s part/side, to side with smb. перейти на чью-л. сторону ≈ to come over to smb.'s side заинтересованная сторона ≈ interested party договаривающиеся стороны ≈ contracting parties
    3) (страна) place, region, country;
    parts мн.
    4) (точка зрения) aspect;
    slant ∙ его дело сторона ≈ it doesn't concern him шутки в сторону ≈ joking aside, away with jokes уводить разговор в сторону ≈ to get off the subject с чьей-л. стороны ≈ on the part of smb. с одной стороны ≈ on the one hand с другой стороны ≈ on the other hand с моей стороны ≈ for my part со своей стороны ≈ from one's part, as far as one is concerned обходить стороной ≈ to avoid smth., to pass smth. by на все четыре стороны ≈ wherever one wishes продавать на сторону смотреть со стороны зевать по сторонам
    сторон|а - ж.
    1. side;
    (направление) way;
    стороны горизонта cardinal points;
    свернуть в сторону леса turn in the direction of the forest;
    разойтись в разные стороны go* off in different directions;
    со всех сторон on all sides, on every hand;
    в ту сторону in that direction;
    в какую сторону он пошёл? which way did he go?;
    вам в какую сторону? which way are you going?;
    в нашу сторону our way;
    смотреть в другую сторону look the other way;
    смотреть в сторону кого-л., чего-л. look in the direction of smb., smth. ;
    look towards smb., smth. ;
    из ~ы в сторону from side to side;
    по ту сторону чего-л., the other side of smth., beyond smth., на той ~е on the other side;
    по ~ам, по обе ~ы on either side;
    по обе ~ы дороги on/along both sides of the road;
    смотреть по ~ам look about one;
    со ~ы чего-л. from the direction of smth. ;
    дом не защищён со ~ы моря the house is unprotected on the side nearest/facing the sea;
    в ~е от дороги at a certain distance from the road;
    лес останется в ~е you will see the woods in the distance;
    свернуть в сторону turn aside;
    с разных сторон from all/different directions;
    (из разных источников) from various sources с внутренней, наружной ~ы on the inside, outside;
    посмотреть на что-л. со ~ы regard smth. in а detached spirit;
    ~ звуковой дорожки кино sound track side;

    2. (страна) land: родная ~ native land, one`s own country;
    на чужой ~е on foreign soil, in foreign parts;

    3. (вопроса, дела) aspect;
    рассматривать вопрос со всех сторон consider а question in all its aspects;
    сильные и слабые стороны доклада the strong and weak sides/aspects of a report;
    с какой бы ~ы ни посмотреть whatever way you look at it;

    4. (в переговорах, споре, на суде) side, party;
    быть на ~е кого-л. be* on the side of smb. ;
    принять сторону кого-л. ;
    стать на сторону кого-л. take* smb.`s side, side with smb. ;
    оставаться в ~е hold* one self aloof, keep* aloof;
    держаться в ~е stand* aside;
    на ~е elsewhere;
    продать что-л. на ~у sell* smth. on the side;
    с чьей-л. ~ы on smb.`s part;
    очень мило с вашей ~ы it is very kind of you;
    с одной ~ы..., с другой ~ы... on the one hand... on the other hand...

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > сторона

  • 4 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 5 hard

    [hɑːd] 1. прил.
    1)
    а) жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийся

    hard cheese — твёрдый сыр; жёсткий сыр

    This candy is so hard no one can chew it. — Конфета такая твёрдая, что никто её не разжуёт.

    б) спорт. твёрдый, с твёрдым покрытием (асфальтовым или бетонным, о теннисном корте)
    •
    Syn:
    Ant:

    hard money — монеты, металлические деньги

    4) крепкий, прочный, ноский; выносливый

    The horses are both in hard condition, so a race can come off in ten days. — Обе лошади в отличной форме, поэтому скачки могут состояться через десять дней.

    5)
    а) трудный, утомительный, тяжёлый; требующий усилий, напряжения
    б) трудный, причиняющий беспокойство (об объекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогами of, in + существительное, выражающее действие)

    She was hard to please. — Ей было трудно угодить.

    Chestnuts are hard of digestion. — Каштаны трудны для переваривания.

    It is a hard thing to manage. — Это дело трудно выполнить.

    в) трудноподдающийся (управлению, контролю)
    г) уст. не способный, испытывающий трудности (о субъекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогом of + существительное, выражающее действие или способность)
    •
    Syn:
    Ant:

    The teacher asked a hard question. — Учитель задал трудный вопрос.

    It is a hard book to read. — Эта трудная для чтения книга.

    7)
    а) неопровержимый, "упрямый", реальный ( о фактах)

    The hard fact is that war, like business, reduces to a question of gain versus cost. — Неоспоримо то, что на войне, как и в бизнесе, всё сводится к вопросу соотношения прибыли и затрат.

    hard fact — неопровержимые, голые факты

    б) точный, конкретный, надёжный, обоснованный (об информации, новостях)

    Newspapers do not encourage telephone calls to the other side of the world unless they are in possession of pretty hard information. — Газеты не поощряют телефонных звонков на другую сторону планеты, если только они не содержат надёжной информации.

    Syn:
    8) упрямый, неуступчивый; чёрствый, бесчувственный, бессердечный
    Syn:
    9) скупой, скаредный, прижимистый

    Many wondered that a man could be so hard and niggardly in all pecuniary dealings. — Многие поражались, что человек может быть таким скупым и жадным в денежных делах.

    Syn:
    10) практичный, деловой, не поддающийся эмоциям

    We Americans have got hard heads. — У нас, американцев, практичный, здравый ум.

    11)
    а) труднопереносимый, давящий, гнетущий, мучительный, тягостный
    Syn:
    б) суровый, трудный, тревожный; тяжёлый, тягостный ( о времени)

    They had a hard time of it too, for my father had to go on half-pay. — У них тоже были тяжёлые времена, потому что моему отцу приходилось обходиться половиной зарплаты.

    Many families had a hard time during the Depression. — Многие семьи переживали трудные времена во время Великой Депрессии.

    Syn:
    в) холодный, суровый, жестокий (о погоде и т. п.)

    This has been a hard winter. — Это была суровая зима.

    The hard rain flattened the tomato plants. — Сильный ливень прибил томаты.

    Syn:
    12)
    а) строгий, требовательный, взыскательный; жёсткий, суровый; жестокий

    We work for a hard master. — Мы работаем на требовательного хозяина.

    Felix began to perceive that he had been too hard upon her. — Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров.

    Syn:
    б) резкий, грубый; враждебный

    She almost invariably took a hard view of persons and things. — Она практически всегда высказывалась резко о людях и о ситуациях.

    Hard feelings existed between the neighbours. — Между соседями были очень враждебные отношения.

    The lawyers exchanged hard words. — Адвокаты обменялись резкими репликами.

    Syn:
    в) полит. крайний

    For the foreseeable future, then, the hard right has the initiative in Turkey. — Очевидно, что в обозримом будущем инициатива в Турции будет принадлежать крайним правым.

    13) неприятный (для слуха, зрения)

    It was a hard face even when she smiled. — У неё было неприятное лицо, даже когда она улыбалась.

    14)
    б) разг. терпкий, кислый
    в) амер. крепкий ( о напитках)
    Syn:
    г) вызывающий привыкание, привычку (о лекарствах, наркотиках)

    Nothing on earth would persuade me to try LSD or the hard drugs. — Ничто в мире не заставит меня попробовать ЛСД или тяжёлые наркотики.

    Syn:
    15) тлв. контрастный
    16) защищённый (о пусковой площадке, конструкциях, ракетах с ядерными боеголовками)

    The adjective "hard" is now used to refer to the resistance to atomic explosions of airfields, missile launching pads, command posts, and other structures. — Прилагательное "hard" в настоящее время используется, когда речь идет о защищённости аэродромов, стартовых площадок, командных постов и других структур от атомных взрывов.

    17) фин. твёрдый, устойчивый
    Syn:
    18) лингв. твёрдый ( о согласном)
    19) физ.
    б) полный или почти полный ( о вакууме); содержащий полный вакуум ( об электронной лампе)
    20) упорный, усердный, энергичный, выполняемый с большой энергией, настойчивостью

    The fight must be long and hard. — Битва будет долгой и упорной.

    Syn:
    21)
    а) прилежный, усердный; энергичный

    That new employee is really a hard worker. — Этот новый сотрудник действительно очень усерден.

    Every hard worker requires sufficient and regular holidays. — Каждому работающему с полной отдачей сотруднику требуется достаточный и регулярный отдых.

    Syn:
    22) хим. биологически жёсткий, неразлагающийся
    Syn:
    persistent 3) в)
    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]hard[/ref]
    ••

    hard of hearing — тугоухий, тугой на ухо

    the bigger they are, the harder they fall — чем выше забираешься, тем больнее падать

    - hard lines 2. нареч.
    1)
    а) энергично, активно, решительно, настойчиво, упорно; неистово, яростно

    The farmer worked hard to gather the hay before the rains came. — Фермер напряжённо работал, чтобы успеть убрать сено до дождей.

    The student studied hard. — Студент усердно занимался.

    The children played hard. — Дети были поглощены игрой.

    Syn:
    б) сильно, резко, интенсивно (о погоде, ветре, дожде)

    It rained hard. — Дождь льёт как из ведра.

    Hit the ball hard. — Сильно ударь по мячу.

    Syn:
    в) амер.; разг. очень, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени, чрезмерно

    He isn't a millionaire so hard that you could notice it, anyhow. — Во всяком случае, он не настолько уж крупный миллионер, чтобы ты мог это заметить.

    Mr. Hopkins is hard sick. — Мистер Хопкинс очень болен.

    Syn:
    2) жёстко, строго; сурово, безжалостно, жестоко
    3)
    а) насилу, тяжело, с трудом
    Syn:
    with difficulty, hardly, scarcely
    б) болезненно, близко к сердцу

    Mother took the bad news very hard. — Мать приняла плохие известия очень близко к сердцу.

    The team took the defeat hard. — Команда болезненно переживала поражение.

    Syn:
    4) твёрдо, крепко, так, чтобы быть твёрдым, спрессованным

    The ice is frozen hard. — Лёд очень твёрдый.

    Syn:

    to follow hard after / behind / upon smb. — следовать по пятам за кем-л.

    Defeat seemed hard at hand. — Поражение казалось совсем близко.

    It was now hard upon three o'clock. — Было почти три часа.

    hard by — близко, рядом

    Syn:
    6) мор. круто, до предела
    Syn:
    ••

    hard pressed / pushed — в трудном, тяжёлом положении

    3. сущ.
    1) трудность, трудности

    He had come through the hards himself. — Он сам преодолел все невзгоды.

    She is a lady who has given her life to nursing, and has gone through its hards. — Это женщина, которая посвятила свою жизнь уходу за больными и прошла через все трудности, с этим связанные.

    Syn:
    2) твёрдый берег, твёрдая береговая полоса; каменный мол для высадки на берег; проходимое место на топком болоте
    3) разг. каторга
    4) табак в плитках, прессованный табак
    5) разг.; = hard-on эрекция
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > hard

См. также в других словарях:

  • side — [adj] minor; flanking ancillary, incidental, indirect, lateral, lesser, marginal, not the main, oblique, off center, postern, roundabout, secondary, sidelong, sideward, sideways, sidewise, skirting, subordinate, subsidiary, superficial; concept… …   New thesaurus

  • Belligerent — A belligerent is an individual, group, country or other entity which acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat.In times of war, belligerent countries can be contrasted with neutral countries and non belligerents. However, the… …   Wikipedia

  • side — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) I n. surface, flank; aspect, point of view. See side, right, left, party. v. i. ally oneself (with) (see aid). II Terminal surface Nouns side, flank, quarter, lee, leeward, weather, windward; skirt,… …   English dictionary for students

  • Italian Co-Belligerent Army — The Italian Co Belligerent Army ( Esercito Cobelligerante Italiana ), or the Army of the South ( Esercito del Sud ), was the army of the Italian royalist forces fighting on the side of the Allies during World War II. The Italian Co Belligerent… …   Wikipedia

  • Non-belligerent — A non belligerent is a person, a state, or other organization that does not fight in a given conflict. The term is often used to describe a country that does not take part militarily in a war. The status is non existent in international law.[1] A …   Wikipedia

  • Italian Co-Belligerent Navy — The Italian Co Belligerent Navy ( Marina Cobelligerante Italiana ), or Navy of the South ( Marina del Sud ) or Royal Navy ( Regia Navale ), was the navy of the Italian royalist forces fighting on the side of the Allies in southern Italy after the …   Wikipedia

  • War reparations — refer to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.HistoryPre World War… …   Wikipedia

  • international relations — a branch of political science dealing with the relations between nations. [1970 75] * * * Study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political… …   Universalium

  • World War I — the war fought mainly in Europe and the Middle East, between the Central Powers and the Allies, beginning on July 28, 1914, and ending on November 11, 1918, with the collapse of the Central Powers. Abbr.: WWI Also called Great War, War of the… …   Universalium

  • Participants in World War II — [ Axis Powers in black, and neutral countries in grey.] The participants in World War II were those nations who either participated directly in or were affected by any of the theaters or events of World War II.World War II was primarily fought… …   Wikipedia

  • Military history of Italy during World War II — The maximum extent of the Italian Empire pink areas were held for just brief periods of time. History of Italy …   Wikipedia

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